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Computer Organization and Architecture notes by suraj

Computer Architecture

• The architecture of a computer is the set of resources seen by the computer programmer. It includes general purpose registers, the status word, the instruction set, the address space, etc.
• Computer architecture is the architectural attributes like physical address memory, CPU and how they should be made and made to coordinate with each other keeping the future demands and goals in mind.
• A computer's architecture is its abstract model and is the programmer's view in terms of instructions, addressing modes and registers
  

  Computer Organization
• The organization of a computer refers to the logical structure of the system, including the CPU, control unit, I/O, M, etc.
• Computer organization is how operational attributes are linked together and contribute to realize the architectural specifications.
• A computer's organization expresses the realization of the architecture.

• Architecture describes what the computer does organization describes how it does it 

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DBMS Notes by suraj

DBMS stands for Database Management System. We can break it like this DBMS = Database + Management System. Database is a collection of data and Management System is a set of programs to store and retrieve those data. Based on this we can define DBMS like this: DBMS is a collection of inter-related data and set of programs to store & access those data in an easy and effective manner.
What is the need of DBMS?
Database systems are basically developed for large amount of data. When dealing with huge amount of data, there are two things that require optimization: Storage of data and retrieval of data.

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c++ notes by suraj

C++, as we all know is an extension to C language and was developed by Bjarne stroustrup at bell labs. C++ is an intermediate level language, as it comprises a confirmation of both high level and low level language features. C++ is a statically typed, free form, multiparadigm, compiled general-purpose language.
C++ is an Object Oriented Programming language but is not purely Object Oriented. Its features like Friend and Virtual, violate some of the very important OOPS features, rendering this language unworthy of being called completely Object Oriented. Its a middle level language

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Microsoft: Be Ready For Significant Slowdown Of Your Old PC After Spectre Security Patches

When The Register broke the massive side-channel attack flaws pertaining to Intel and other CPUs, it was reported that the users should expect a significant slowdown after installing the patches. Now, Microsoft has performed some benchmarking tests and offered a concrete idea of what you should expect.
In a post on Microsoft’s Secure blog, Terry Myerson has shared some useful insights that all Windows users should read. You might be already knowing that hardware manufacturers and kernel developers had making combined efforts after being informed of the flaws under a non-disclosure agreement.









When it comes to patching the affected systems, Meltdown and one version of Spectre will have a minimal performance impact. However, fix for the second variant of Spectre will bring more significant slowdowns and the users would notice a performance decrease in their systems.
This slowdown becomes even more worrisome for users running Windows OS on older Intel CPUs–2015-era PCs with Haswell or older CPU, to be precise.
That’s not all. If you’re running older versions of Windows like Windows 7 and Windows 8, an even greater impact should be expected due to legacy user-kernel transitions.
In another related development, Microsoft has pulled Meltdown and Spectre Windows patches that bricked machines running AMD-powered computers. This is reportedly affecting the older AMD processors like Athlon X2 6000+.
As per Microsoft’s statements, they are working with AMD to resolve the issue and push the updates again as soon as possible.

First Android Malware Written In Kotlin Programming Language Is Here To Infect You

Following the footsteps of Apple’s homegrown Swift programming language for developing iOS apps, Kotlin has been growing at a fast pace (here’s why you should learn it). This doesn’t mean that all Kotlin developers are learning it with an aim to code safer and faster Android apps.
A new report from Trend Micro states the discovery of a new malicious app named ANDROIDOS_BKOTKLIND.HRX. This app is actually the first malware coded in Kotlin. At the moment, it’s not known if Kotlin’s advanced and user-friendly features have made a difference while creating malware.

The samples of the malware were spotted in Swift Cleaner, which poses itself as a tool for cleaning and optimizing your slow Android smartphones. Thankfully, the app has just 1,000-5,000 installations. However, it has some dangerous tricks up its sleeve.

Kotlin malware has dangerous capabilities

This Kotlin-based malware has the capability of remote command execution, SMS sending, URL forwarding, information theft, and click ad fraud techniques. Moreover, Swift Cleaner can sign up you for premium SMS-based services without your permission.
When the app is launched, the malware sends the device information to the remote server and kicks off the background services to get instructions from C&C server.



After the initial infection, the malware sends an SMS. Once the SMS is received the remote server executes click ad fraud via URL forwarding. With the help of Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) task, the injection of malicious JavaScript code takes place for completing the process.
By uploading the information of user’s service provider and login information as well as CAPTCHA to C&C server, the malware automatically processes the subscription to premium SMS services.
The users are advised to take the recommended security methods and only download the trusted mobile apps. The hackers improving their game with new technologies and you shouldn’t remain ignorant.

This ‘Mind-Reading AI’ Can Draw Images Of What You’re Thinking

 


Certainly, the capabilities of artificial intelligence are far higher than just powering voice assistants and robots making backflips. Humans have always wanted some tech that could read their minds. Multiple attempts have been made so far. And with the start of the year 2018, here is another one.
Scientists at the ATR Computational Neuroscience Labs in Japan have created an AI-based system that’s capable of performing deep image reconstruction from human brain activity.


In simple words, it’s reading our minds without actually knowing what we’re thinking. Now, what that means is the AI system can’t see inside our brain or the things we’re picturing. It takes help of the brain waves (MRI data) to guess what we are thinking and draws an image out of it. For instance, a letter or shape

                 

To train their AI, the researchers fed it with recorded brainwaves of human subjects after showing them images. Over the course of 10 weeks, they collected brain activity data in real-time and also by making the human subjects visualize what they had seen in the past.



There is still scope for improvement for the AI which lacks perfection when it comes to reading our minds. But in the future, more advanced systems could open ways for new modes of communication. Possibly, which won’t require us to speak or even make hand gestures. There could be many applications. For example, such technology could be used to help people with difficulty in speaking.

Reliance Jio Planning To Launch Its Own Cryptocurrency

On one hand, the investment in cryptocurrencies is coming under the radar of Indian government, India’s largest corporate conglomerate is planning to launch its own cryptocurrency named JioCoin in the near future. As per a report from Livemint, the JioCoin project is being led by Mukesh Ambani’s elder son Akash Ambani. The company is planning to build a 50-member team of young employees to work on the blockchain technology

A source familiar with the matter told that Reliance has multiple applications of blockchain and the team will work on different projects. Out of those options, one application is cryptocurrency.
The company could deploy smart contracts and use it in supply chain management logistics. The loyalty points paired with different Jio services could be eventually based on JioCoin.
The company also aspires to get into the Internet of Things to make home automation more popular in India, as per the source. “Experts have also pointed out that blockchain could potentially address security risks to IoT as it provides a shield against data tampering by labeling each block of data.”
Despite the unclarity from the government front, all major banks have pledged to integrate blockchain in their operations; some government agencies have also hinted at its future use in e-Governance schemes. However, on a worldwide scale, the crackdown on Bitcoin and other digital currencies continues.
What are your thoughts on the possible applications on blockchain in Indian scenario? Share your views and become a part of the discussion.